ADVERB
An Adverb is a word, which modifies a verb, an adjective or another Adverb.
EXAMPLES:
He eats slowly (slowly modifies eats, which is a verb)
Mohit is very clever (very modifies clever which is an adjective)
She walks very swiftly (very modifies swiftly which is an Adverb)
Kinds of Adverb
Adverbs are of three kinds-
- Simple Adverb
- Relative Adverb
- Interrogative Adverb
Simple Adverbs:
An Adverb that modifies a verb, an adjective or another Adverb by mentioning its time, manner, place, reason etc.
Kinds | Answer the | Use | Examples |
Time |
When? | I’ll go tomorrow. He has decided to go to hostel before Monday. | Now, then, before, ago, after, when, since, yet, still, soon, immediately, late, early, already, once, yesterday, tomorrow, by today, shortly, etc. |
Place |
Where? | I know that God is everywhere She lives there in a rented room. | Here, there, above below, under, near, everywhere, away |
Number/ Frequency |
How often? | She is late again. My friend Arav always keeps his promise. | Once, twice, thrice, again, again and again seldom, never, always. Generally, etc. |
m Manner | How? In what manner? | He walks swiftly She speaks softly. | Slowly, quickly, badly, nicely, till gladly, well, ill etc. |
D Quantity/ Degree |
How much? | He speaks much louder. She eats very slowly. I have eaten enough for today. More you give, more they will ask. | Too, almost, enough, much, more, little, very, less etc. |
Reason/ Effect |
Why? | She liked the job so she accepted it. We expelled him therefore he is speaking ill for us. | So, hence, therefore on account of, consequently etc. |
Relative Adverb: A relative Adverb modifies a verb and joins two sentences.
This is the necklace, which I gifted her.
She was in the kitchen when the postman came
Now I understand why they admire you.
This is the place where Rani Rupmati was born.
He has narrated what he had heard.
Interrogative Adverb: An interrogative Adverb is used in asking questions. It also shows time, place, number, manner, quantity and cause.
Kinds | Answer the question | Use |
Time |
Used for asking questions | When did you see him last? How long did she remain there? |
Place | Where are you going? | |
Manner/Quality | How does he speak English? | |
Number | How many members have submitted the form? | |
Quantity/Degree | How much money you want? | |
Cause/Reason | Why have they helped you? |
FORMATION OF ADVERB
Adverbs Are Formed in the Following Ways-
(a) By adding “ly” (adjective + ly)
True + ly=truly (an exception)
Faithful + ly= faithfully
Nice + ly =nicely
Polite + ly=politely
Wise + ly =wisely
(b) By adding ‘ly’ (Noun+ly)
Year+ly+yearly
Similarly, annually, weekly, daily, timely etc.
(c) By adding ‘ly’ (participles+ly) loving +ly=lovingly
Pleasingly etc.
(d) By adding ‘ly’ to other Adverbs (Adverb+ly)
First+ly+firstly
Similarly, nearly, clearly, mostly etc.
(e) By adding a letter/preposition-
· To Nouns: A+head+ahead, similarly, aside, abroad, today, beside etc.
· To Adjectives: A+long+along, Similarly Alone, behind, below etc.
· By combining a Noun & an adjective: Side+ways+sideways, Similarly straightway, otherwise etc.
· By using the Nouns unchanged/by forming compounds: piecemeal, lengthwise, act wise, scene wise etc.
· Adverbs of number are formed in the following way- one-once, two-twice, four-fourfold, three-thrice
POSITION OF ADVERB
An Adverb is generally placed near the word meant for modifications. If we change the position of the Adverb, the meaning of the sentence changes. E.g.
Only Braves touch the zenith. (Only braves nobody else)
Braves only touch the Zenith (Do not touch any thing but zenith)
Braves touch the only zenith. (The single/only zenith, zenith is only one)
‘Enough’ is always placed after the word it modifies-
Mohammad Ghauri was mean enough to kill Prithviraj Chauhan, who, once, had granted him life.
She is rich enough to help the needy.
USE OF ADVERB IN THE BEGINNING
I. Interrogative Adverbs are used in the beginning of the sentence-
where are you going?
Who will accompany you to the market?
II. To modify the complete sentence-
Surely, she will pass the examination
Definitely I’ll help her.
III. To put extra emphasize-
Here comes the King.
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE SENTENCE
i) Adverbs of time are generally used before the verb to modify it-
I occasionally visit him.
He will join the school again after July.
ii) When a sentence has an auxiliary verb, Adverb is used between the Auxiliar Verb and Main Verb-
They don’t know how to operate the machine.
iii) When be (verb) acts as the main verb in the sentence, Adverb is used after the object-
She is always lazy.
AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE
i) When an Adverb modifies an Intransitive Verb-
She came late.
ii) When an Adverb is used to modify a transitive verb it is used after the object-
He signed the form hurriedly.
- If a sentence contains more than one Adverb/Adverbial phrases, these should be in the order of Manner-Place-Time
- Some Verbs like smell; look, sound, feel, task etc. are used as adjectives,not as Adverbs.
She looks beautiful (not beautifully)
Exercise-1
Insert the suitable Adverb of manner-
(tastefully, smoothly, swiftly, fast, melodiously)
- This car runs ________
- My uncle drives _________
- Anju’s aunty decorates her home ________
- That black horse runs very _______
- Our chorus sings ________
- We shall host the party in_________
- Jolly will give us the parcel on______
- Moray will not speak in this ________
- I would read comics stealthily in _______
- Roses blossom in the month of _________
Exercise-3
- I go to temple. (Everyday.)
- She plays piano. (Every night.)
- We enjoy restaurant food. (once in a fortnight)
- I speak with ill-mannered people. (never)
- We go to Kankhal. (twice a year)
- She dances. (in the parties, amazingly, during festivals)
- This magazine is published. (quarterly)
- Our meeting is held. (monthly)
ADJECTIVES
An adjective tells something about a Noun or a Pronoun. It generally answers the question which one? What kind? or How ?
e.g. This white dog is the cleverest dog. (Which dog is the cleverest?) (The word white is an adjective)
He is a dishonest servant. (What kind of a servant he is?) (The word dishonest is an adjective)
There were four police constables. (How many police constables were there?) (The word four is an adjective)
There are following kinds of Adjectives-:
Kinds | DEFINITION & EXAMPLES |
Adjective Of Quality | Shows The quality of a Noun /Pronoun and answers which /what? Red- Red colour symbolizes power and courage. Famous- She is a famous singer. Thin- That thin girl is my cousin. Tall – William is not a tall boy. |
Adjective Of Quantity | Indicates quantity and answers how much / how many? Little- We don’t have a little idea about his whereabouts. More – She wants some more information. Few – There a few people who still use typewriter. Much – Don’t take much stress. Many- He has many good friends. *We shall learn in detail about these in determiners’ chapter. |
Distributive Adjective | Denotes one thing /person out of a whole group and answerers which one? Each- Each student is special. Every- Every teacher knows that he is a genius. Either (one of the two)- Either direction can be chosen. Neither (none of the two)- Neither of the girl is lying. |
Demonstrative Adjective | Indicates towards Noun that follows and answers which one? This- This cat is very naughty. These- These dogs are well trained. That- That was a big mistake. Those- Those plants are healthier. Such- Such people are ageless. |
Possessive Adjective | Shows The relation of something to someone and answers whose? My- My coat is quite comfortable. Our- Our house is our heaven. Own- Use your own hanky only. Your- Your daughter is a promising student. His- His whole life is an example of love and sacrifice. Her- Her best friend is a renowned scientist. Their- Their strength lies in their unity. |
Interrogative Adjective | Used before Nouns to ask questions (?) What- What did you eat in breakfast today? What kind of a person is your boss? Which student is selected for that senior level debate? How many teachers will attend that meeting? How much fuel do we need to reach Ambala? Which- |
Adjectives Of Number | Tell the number and answers how many? Ordinal- First, second, third etc The first student from the second row will be our third empire. Cardinal-one, two etc. Give her one note book one eraser and two pens. |
Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives:
Positive Degree | Comparative Degree | Superlative Degree |
Denotes simple quality | Denotes a higher degree of the quality | Denotes The highest degree of the quality |
Most adjectives are made comparative &superlative by adding –‘er’and –‘est’ respectively to the positive degree.
Positive Degree | Comparative Degree | Superlative Degree |
Black Bright Brave Cold Calm Deep Great Hard Keen Light Near Pure Poor Rich Strong Tall White Young | Blacker Brighter Braver Colder Calmer Deeper Greater Harder Keener Lighter Nearer Purer Poorer Richer Stronger Taller Whiter Younger | Blackest Brightest Bravest Coldest Calmest Deepest Greatest Hardest Keenest Lightest Nearest Purest Poorest Richest Strongest Tallest Whitest Youngest |
When the positive degree of an adjective ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel, the last consonant is doubled before adding –‘er’ or –‘est’.
Fat Hot Sad Wet | Fatter Hotter Sadder Wetter | Fattest Hottest Saddest Wettest |
When the +eve degree of an adjective ends in –y, while making comparative and superlative degrees-y is changed into –I and –er or –est is added.
Easy Heavy Lazy Pretty Wealthy | Easier Heavier Lazier Prettier Wealthier | Easiest Heaviest Laziest Prettiest Wealthiest |
Some of The adjectives are irregular adjectives because their comparative &superlative degrees are not formed from their positive degree.
Bad Far Good/well Little Many Old Up | Worse Farther Better Less/Lesser More Older/elder Upper | Worst Farthest Best Least Most Oldest/eldest Up most/uppermost |
Some adjectives take the use of more & most before them to make the comparative &superlative degree.
Active Careful Difficult Handsome Beautiful Popular Urgent | More active More careful More difficult More handsome More beautiful More popular More urgent | Most active Most careful Most difficult Most handsome Most beautiful Most popular Most urgent |
Exercise-1
Insert the suitable adjectives in the following statements:
(famous, beautiful, festivity, new, driver friendly, lucky)
a. His shirt is___________.
b. Your car is very __________.
c. My uncle will gift me a _______doll on my birthday.
d. Shimla is a ________ tourist spot.
e. December is the month of _______ for Christians.
Exercise-2
Make the comparative and the superlative sentences for the following:
a.Sheela speaks softly.
____________________________________
____________________________________
b.Nomita is a helpful boy.
____________________________________
____________________________________
c.Elephant is a big animal.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
d.‘The Hindu’ is a popular newspaper.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Exercise-3
Provide the suitable distributive adjectives in the following:
(Either, neither, all, each, every)
On the occasion of annual day, ______ the buildings of our school were adorned.
______ Pillar of the building was decorated with garlands, and ________ class was decorated with Rangoli. _______ of the buildings, senior wing as well as junior wing, were decorated with colourful lights.The school has two buildings._________ building was decorated tastefully. __________ of the building was neglected.._________ student participated in this decoration. ________the students were given sweets after the completion of the function.
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