THE VERB
A verb is the word that shows what the subject is doing, feeling, or experiencing.
Here are some sentences:
The cat purrs loudly.
She is singing a happy song.
They will travel to Paris next year.
The flowers smell sweet.
I have finished my homework.
A transitive verb is a verb that requires a direct object to complete its meaning. The direct object is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.
Example:
She reads books. (Books is the direct object)
They built a house. (House is the direct object)
An intransitive verb does not require a direct object to complete its meaning. It expresses a complete action without needing to act upon something or someone.
Example:
The baby sleeps peacefully.
They laughed heartily.
Note: Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive depending on how they are used in a sentence.
Example:
She sings beautifully. (Intransitive)
She sings a song. (Transitive)
An auxiliary verb (also called a helping verb) is a verb that supports the main verb in a sentence. It helps to form verb tenses, moods, and voices.
Common auxiliary verbs:
Have (has, have, had, having)
Do (do, does, did)
Will
Shall
Examples:
She is singing. (is is the auxiliary verb)
They have finished their work. (have is the auxiliary verb)
Do you like pizza? (do is the auxiliary verb)
For action to be started in near future:
Is to : Meena is to collect this parcel in two days.
Are to : We are to embark into this adventurous project only this year
Am to: I am to finish my drink in another two seconds.
For action to be started in the past:
Was to: He was to tell us something about his new job. (But he could not)
Were to: They were to get married this December. (but did not
For compulsion:
Has to: She has to complete this file by tomorrow.
Have to: We have to read all the headlines carefully to search that one.
Had to: They had to accept his resignation.
Short Answers And Question Tags With Helping Verbs
Short Answers:
Namrata looks gorgeous in this dress.
Yes, she does./ No, she doesn’t.
Vidhi is looking a bit upset today.
Yes, she is/ no she isn’t.
You resemble with your brother.
Yes I do/ no I don’t.
Have they announced the judgment in our favour?
Yes, they have/ no, they haven’t.
Did you come late yesterday?
Yes I did/ no, I didn’t.
John had put much hard work in these exams.
Yes, he had/ no, he hadn’t
Tom will help us.
Yes, he will/ no, he won’t.
Question Tags:
She came early in the morning. Did n’t she?
We always supported you. Did n’t we?
Namrata speaks very softly. Doesn’t she?
You have already selected your book. Haven’t you?
Ricky will tell us the truth. Won’t he?
Regular and Irregular Verbs
Regular Verbs-Follow a predictable pattern for forming the past tense and past participle by adding -ed or -d to the base form.
Walk - walked - walked
Play - played - played
Help - helped - helped
Irregular Verbs-Do not follow a predictable pattern for forming the past tense and past participle. Often change their internal vowel or have completely different forms.
Go - went - gone
See - saw - seen
Eat - ate - eaten
1. Verbs with all the three forms same- Cut Cut Cut
2. Verbs with two of the three forms same- Come Came Come
3. Verbs with all three forms different; they are also called the strong verbs- Break Broke Broken
*Weak Verbs-A term often used interchangeably with regular verbs.
form the past tense and past participle by adding -ed, -d, or -t to the base form.
Want - wanted - wanted
Call - called - called
Help - helped - helped
Note: All regular verbs are weak verbs, but not all weak verbs are regular. Some weak verbs have irregular forms, such as "bring - brought - brought."
All Three Forms Are Same-
Base Form Past Tense Past Participle
Bet bet bet
Burst burst burst
Cost cost cost
Cut cut cut
Hit hit hit
Hurt hurt hurt
Let let let
Put put put
Read read read
Set set set
Shut shut shut
Split split split
Spread spread spread
Two of The Forms Are the Same-
Beat beat beaten
Become became become
Bend bent bent
Bleed bled bled
Breed bred bred
Bring brought brought
Burn burnt/burned burnt/ burned
Buy bought bought
Catch caught caught
Come came come
Creep crept crept
Deal dealt dealt
Dig dug dug
Dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
Feed fed fed
Fight fought fought
Find found found
Get got got
Hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
Have had had
Hear heard heard
Hold held held
Keep kept kept
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Lean leant/leaned leant / leaned
Learn learnt/ learned learnt/learned
Leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
Leave left left
Lend lent lent
Light lit lit
Lose lost lost
Make made made
Mean meant meant
Meet met met
Pay paid paid
Run ran run
Say said said
Sell sold sold
Send sent sent
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shot
Sit sat sat
Sleep slept slept
Smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
Spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
Spend spent spent
Spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
Spit spat spat
Spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
Stand stood stood
Stick stuck stuck
Sting stung stung
Strike struck struck
Sweep swept swept
Swing swung swung
Teach taught taught
Tell told told
Think thought thought
Understand understood understood
Win won won
Wind wound wound
All Three Forms Are Different-
Be was/were been
Begin began begun
Bite bit bitten
Blow blew blown
Break broke broken
Choose chose chosen
Do did done
Draw drew drawn
Drink drank drunk
Drive drove driven
Eat ate eaten
Fall fell fallen
Fly flew flown
Forbid forbade forbidden
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Freeze froze frozen
Give gave given
Go went gone
Grow grew grown
Hide hid hidden
Know knew known
Lie lay lain
Mistake mistook mistaken
Ride rode ridden
Ring rang rung
Rise rose risen
See saw seen
Sew sewed sewn/sewed
Shake shook shaken
Show showed shown
Shrink shrank shrunk
Sing sang sung
Sink sank sunk
Speak spoke spoken
Spring sprang sprung
Steal stole stolen
Stink stank stunk
Swear swore sworn
Swim swam swum
Take took taken
Tear tore torn
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore worn
Write wrote written
Drink drunk drunken
Melt melted molten
Prove proved proven
Shave shaved shaven
Shear sheared shorn
Shrink shrunk shrunken
Sink sunk sunken
Strike struck stricken
Verb Conjugation
In simpler terms, it's how a verb changes to fit the specific context of a sentence.
Factors Affecting Verb Conjugation
- Person: First person (I, we), second person (you), third person (he, she, it, they)
- Number: Singular (one) or plural (more than one)
- Tense: Present, past, future, and their various forms (simple, continuous, perfect)
- Mood: Indicative (statements), imperative (commands), subjunctive (wishes, possibilities)
- Voice: Active (subject performs the action) or passive (subject receives the action)
*We will practice verb conjugation in the chapters on tenses.
Identify the Transitive and Intransitive verbs and write ‘T’ for Transitive and ‘I’ for ‘ Intransitive’ in the space provided below:
a. The child was sleeping peacefully._________
b. The girl sneered at the traveller.__________
c. The monkeys ate up all the mangoes.________
d. His cloak rubbed against my dress. _________
e. You always speak very slowly._________
Provide the suitable form of verb in the following gaps:
When I _______ (reach) the venue, the function had already ____ (get) over and all the guests were ______ (take) leave from the host. I _______ (feel) very much ________ (embarrass) and _______ (keep) standing in a corner for a long time. I was ______ (curse) myself for my habit of being late. It always _____ (put) me in such awkward situations. Now my brain was swiftly _____ (think) to form a plausible excuse that I could use as my safeguard.
Provide the suitable short answers and question tags for the following:
a. She is as beautiful as a fairy. ________?
__________________________________.
b. Sheena always speaks the truth. ________?
__________________________________.
c. Our company cares for its employees. ________ ?
_______________________________________
d. We never asked him any personal question. _________?
_________________________________________.
e. They have never fulfilled their promises. _________?
_________________________________________ .
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