PAST TENSE
The past tense is a verb form used to describe actions, events, or conditions that occurred or were completed in the past.
Simple Past tense
We use simple past to show some quality, incident or things that used to be in the past. Simple tense does not contain a main verb, instead, it is more like an adjective phrase or clause.
Formulas:
Affirmative- Sub+was/were/had+ predicate
Anu was a doctor. He was very happy that day.
I had two big dogs. Anu had many good friends.
Negative-Sub+was/were/ had+not+ predicate
Anu was not a doctor. They were not our guests.
She had an invalid passport. you had all the information.
Interrogative Positive-W/H+ was/ were/had+sub+ predicate+?
To form interrogative with had we also use did have-
Was Anu a doctor?
Had they any friends here?
Who was Anu? Did he have more story books?
Interrogative Negative-W/H+was/were+sub+not+predicate?
We use did+sub+not+have to make interogative negative -
Was Anu not a
doctor? Were all the
students not in the class?
Why had Sam not any friend? Did she not have sufficient funds?
Passage
Based on Past Simple Tense
Arvindam was my school friend. He was one of the most brilliant students of our class. His father was a scientist. His elder sister was a doctor. His family was a pure vegetarian Tamil family. They had a piece of land in their village with a beautiful cottage and an animal shelter. There was a school also on their land for the village children. Arvindam like his parents was an intelligent, cultured and liberal boy. His best friend was Anoop. Alike Arvindam, Anoop was also one of the best students of our class. His father was not a rich fellow. They lived in a small cottage. His mother was not much literate but she was full of wisdom. In fact, both Arvindam and Anoop were the true reflection of the qualities of their wise and gentle parents.
Exercise
A. Answer the
following questions-
1.
Who
was Arvindam?
2.
Was
Arvindam a dull boy?
3.
What
was Arvindam’s father?
4.
What
was his elder sister?
5. what did they have on their land in the village?
6.
Who
was Anoop?
7.
Was
his father a rich fellow?
8.
What
kind of a woman was Anoop’s mother?
A.
Edit the following –( One is done for you)
1.
Ajay
and Vijay was neighbours. __were____
2.
Roopa
and Anjali were friend. __________
3.
I
were a student those days. __________
4.
My
best friend’s name were Nishant. __________
5. He did not had his own house in our city. _________
6.
His
father were an astronauts. __________
C. Rearrange the
following sentences-
a. doctor/ was /i/ a/.
b. not /nidhi/ liar /was /a/.
c. friend/? /vikram /my /was/ not
d. a /girl /always /Anita /was/ helpful/.
e. time /teacher /that/ where /?was /the /at
f. idea /I /not /have /sudden/any /about/ his / anger/ did
Word Power!
Match the
following with their synonyms-
a.
Brilliant
Knowledge
b.
Conservative
Intelligent
c. Cultured Strictly traditional
d.
Wisdom Civilized
e. liberal Open minded
Writing Skills
●
Write
a few lines on your best friend.
Past
Indefinite Tense
● We refer to a habitual action in the past.
My sister always
fought for me, when I was young.
● An action completed in the past
I got the clue from an ancient book.
In modern English we use only Simple Past Tense for both simple and indefinite sentences The term past indefinite is not used any more but here we have used both Simple Past and Past Indefinite to make learning easy for the students.
Formulas:
Affirmative: sub+v2+obj.
I ate two
chapattis in the breakfast.
We laughed
heartily at his advice.
I did not give
him my pen.
They did not
complete the formalities on time.
Where did you
meet him yesterday?
When did he speak
to you last time?
Did you give him
any money?
Did she give you
any parcel today?
Why did Amrita
not attend our party?
Did he not pay
her due instalment?
Passage Based On Past Indefinite Tense
Kankhal the Chief Pilgrimage of Kalyug
It was my first visit to Kankhal, the city of Prajapati
Daksha. Prajapati Daksha was the emperor of the whole earth and father of
Goddess Sati, the beloved wife of lord Shiva. Kankhal is famous for the Daksha
Temple, where goddess Sati sacrificed her body in to the yagna kunda.
It is said that
Prajapati Daksha had organized a grand yajna in Kankhal.Goddess Sati and her
adorable husband lord Shiva were not invited to this grand yagna while all the
other daughters with their husbands were cordially
invited. All the gods and goddesses including Brahma and Vishnu were also
invited to honour that yagna.
Goddess Sati could not tolerate such an insult of her omnipotent husband lord Shiva. She decided to teach a lesson to her
arrogant and prudent father.Thus, even after the unwillingness of lord Shiva,
she went to her father’s palace and rebuked
him. She also rebuked all the gods and goddesses who honoured Prajapati Daksha
by their presence. Prajapati Daksha then spoke some very indecent words to
offence her beloved husband that were unbearable for goddess Sati. Not a single
god or goddess supported goddess Sati or protested
against the ill words spoken by Prajapati Daksha. This further infuriated goddess Sati and she
sacrificed her body into the holy flames of
yagna kund. All the Shiv Ganas who were waiting out side the yagna
pandal got fiercely furious when
they came to know about the death of Goddess Sati in such a tragic and
humiliating manner. They there and then destroyed the Yagna Pandal and drove
out all the gods and goddesses. They beat all the guests very brutaly and
killed many of them. Most of the gods and goddesses managed to flee. When lord
Shiva was informed about the death of his dear wife, he instantly reached the
Yagna Pandal and chopped the head of
Prajapati Daksha with his powerful Trishul.
Exercise
A. Answer the following questions in one
line:
a.
What
is Kankhal famous for?
b.
Who
was Daksha?
c.
Did
Daksha invite goddess Sati and Lord Shiva to the grand yagna?
d.
What
did goddess Sati do to teach her father a lesson?
e.
How
did Daksha react to Sati’s anger?
f.
Did
any one stand by goddess Sati against her father?
g.
What
did she finally do?
h.
What
did the Shiv Ganas do when they learnt
about the tragic death of Goddess Sati?
i.
How
did Lord Shiva punish Prajapati Daksha?
B. Edit the following:
i.
Sushma
did not went to the school __________
ii.
Yesterday,
when I ask her the reason __________
iii.
She
tell me that her brother did not __________
iv.
Wake
her up in the morning therefore _________
v.
She
get late and thus did not get ready __________
vi.
On
time.
C. Re- arrange the following:
i.
a
/early/. /I /writing /very /at /stage/ started
ii.
not /
in/ the/./ did /speak/ them/ Nidhi /party /to
iii.
Aruna/
to/? /did/ Jaipur/ why /yesterday/ go/
iv.
did /time?
You/ where /first him /see
v.
this/
proposal/ also/ Nirmala/ did /like?
Word
Power!
Write down the synonyms of the following- Honour, Omnipotent,
Arrogant, Prudent, Furious, Fierce
Writing
Skills!
Make sentences with the given words-Sacrificed, Chopped,
Protested, Infuriated, cordially, Rebuked.
Past
Continuous Tense
- Actions in progress in the past-
She was reading all the night.
- Two actions going on simultaneously-
While the owner was sleeping, the workers were making a
noise.
FORMULAS
Affirmative: SUB+was/were+V1+ing+ obj.
Those days I was
composing a new melody.
We were staying
at a country cottage during the election campaign.
Negative: SUB+was/were+not +V1+ING+ obj.
They were not
providing us the proper information.
Naresh was not
feeling happy with his performance
Interrogative Positive: W/ H +was/were+ SUB +V1+ING+ obj?
Why was Yasmin
taking medicine?
Was Anita going
to gym regularly in January?
Interrogative Negative: W/H + was/were + SUB +not+V1+ING+
obj.?
Were Americans
not participating in wrestling championship?
Why was john not
taking interest in hi favourite cartoon series?
Story Based On Past Continuous Tense
My
Visit to Vietnam
One day I was
passing through a crowded market in Vietnam. People were crying out their wares
to drag the attention of the passers by. A woman was selling fish, the another
one was selling prone, a man was selling octopus babies, I was infact passing
through a sea food market. Small children were buying sizzlers from the peddlers and women were haggling for prizes with various petty
traders. I was not at all enjoying my stroll
since I am a hard-core vegetarian.
My friend, who was from Goa, was busy in eating different varieties of seafood.
I was walking with wide steps to escape from that atmosphere. Suddenly, I saw a child sitting in a corner with sad
eyes, his eyes were searching someone, I went near him and lovingly caressed his head, he lifted head to
look at me, I smiled and he too smiled at me. I then realised, he was holding a
frying pan containing two little octopuse babies and was looking for a customer
to buy them!
A. Write the
following answers in one line only:
a.
Where
was the authoress passing through?
b.
What
were the different people selling out there?
c.
Was
the authoress enjoying her stroll? Why Why not?
d.
What
was her friend doing?
e.
What
was the child with sad eyes holding? Who was he searching for?
B. Edit the
following:
a.
Sudha
were eating her favourite cheese sandwich when a _______
b.
Small
boy come running towards her _________
c.
He
was beg for the sandwich which she __________
d.
Was
eating. She was not will to part with _________
e.
It
but the boy were looking very pale and _________
f.
Thin
so she gave it to him.
C. Re-arrange
the following:
a.
Nariman/
point /for/ was/ I /waiting/ you/ at.
b.
Was/
properly/ providing/ Ashim/ not/ the/. /information
c.
job
/looking/ anita /for/ a /days/? /Was /those
d.
visit
/staying /agra /your /Where /were/ during /last/ to/?/ you
e.
He
/sincerely/ was/ very/. /working
Word Power!
a.
Circle
the uncommon of the following group: Fish, Crab, Prone, Chicken, Octopus.
b.
Circle
the antonym out of the following group : Stroll, Visit, Stay, Wander, Roaming.
c.
Circle
the adjective out of the following set of adverbs: Quickly, Smartly, Elegant, Surely
d.
Circle
the abstract Noun from out of the following group: Girl, Fish, Child, Goa,
Youth
e.
Circle
the uncommon of the following group: Women, Trees, Men, Teeth, Geese.
Writing Skills!
●
Make
sentences with the following words- Haggle, Hard Core, Caress, Realise.
●
Write
down your experience of some past visit to a crowded market.
Past
Perfect Tense
This tense is used to:
●
Show
the completed actions in the past-
I have finished
my homework.
●
Show
earlier of the two actions in the past-
The terrorists had already surrendered before I reached the
station.
Formulas
Affirmative: Sub+ had+v3+obj.
She had sold off
all the mangoes before dusk.
I had taught him
the whole method.
Negative: Sub+ had not+v3+obj.
We had not
received any information till dawn.
They had not
shipped our order by that time.
Interrogative Positive: W/H + had+sub+v3+ obj?
Where had Pandava
stayed for twelve years?
When had he
celebrated his last victory?
Interrogative Negative: W/H + had+sub+ not+v3+ obj?
Had Panchali not
mocked Duryodhana?
Why Had Burbury
not fought for any of them?
Story
Based on Past Perfect Tense
All the summer session had just finished. The devotees had
already packed up their baggage. The last day’s sermon had already been over by
the time we reached Kankhal. Swamiji had not yet finished his dinner so we had
to wait out side his beautiful cottage. When Swamiji came out after having his
dinner, we immediately stood up to show respect. I still remember, he was on
the gallery above a small staircase of the opposite building and we were on the
muddy ground, he was very seriously staring
at my dry and battered feet. I was
feeling a bit embarrassed. Slowly he came down from the staircase and
complained my sister for arriving at a time when the whole session had already
got over. She had explained her helplessness and had told about her busy
schedule. He had then asked me if I was o.k. I had replied in affirmative. He
had then turned his back to talk with
one of his staff. I had dinner with my
sister and then we went to Mahila Ashram
where we had got the room, it was around 10:30 p.m.
In the morning,
Swamiji had already given ‘Darshana’ (to oblige with ones presence) to all the
devotees when I reached the ashram; my sister had reached earlier and had
already chatted a lot with Swamiji. I had to wait till 2.30 before I could
finally have a glimpse of his highness. I had not taken a single grain till
then. After having his glimpse I took my breakfast cum lunch in a nearby dhaba
as the ashram’s canteen had already closed down till evening.
A. Answer the following only in one line:
a.
When
had the authoress reached Kankhal?
b.
Why
had most of the devotees packed up their luggage?
c.
Where
had the authoress waited with her sister to see her spiritual Guru?
d.
What
made the authoress feel embarrassed when Swamiji came out?
e.
The
next day, how long the authoress had to wait for Swamiji before she could
finally see him?
f.
Had
the authoress eaten any thing till she met her Gurudev?
B. Edit the following:
a.
We
had not yet complete our project________
b.
When
our teacher call up and commanded us __________
c.
To
change the theme and advise us to make __________
d.
Our
new project with some eco friendly theme __________
e.
As we
had already spend all our money over this ___________
Project explained our helplessness.
a.
already /station/./reached/ had/ Anita/ the
b.
We/ not/ the/ then/./formalities/ completed/ had/ all/ by
c.
On/ they/ time/ our/ Had/ received/ parcel/?
d.
To/?/truth/ had/ us/ this/ not /Why/ Noorie /disclosed
e.
Where/ before/ he/ Andhra pradesh/bag/ had /hidden /the /going/
to?
Word
Power!
Find out the synonyms and antonyms of the following words-
Faith, Devotion, Battered, Stare, Beautiful.
Writing
Skills!
Make sentences with-, Respect, Embarrass, Explain, Glimpse
Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
This tense is used to express:
● Repeated
action of the past-
She had been trying
to reach there for two days.
● For a past continuous action till a particular time-.
He had been waiting for you since 3 o’ clock.
Formulas
Affirmative: Sub+ had been+ v1+ing+obj.+for/since+ (time)
Ashima had been
weaving this scarf for two days.
Ranjana had been
preparing for the speech since Monday.
Negative: Sub+ had not been+ v1+ing+obj.+for/since+ (time)
I had not been
visiting her since last January.
They had not been
registering the new companies since last scam.
Interrogative Positive: W/H + had +sub+ been+
v1+ing+obj.+for/since+ (time)?
Why had you been
working with a low profile group for two years?
Had he been
taking piano classes since March?
Interrogative Negative: W/H+ had +sub+ not been+
v1+ing+obj.+for/since+ (time)?
Why had he not
been paying his instalments since last August?
Had she not been
selling household articles for three years?
Passage
Based On Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Fighting For the Right!
Parneeta had been
fighting for her rights since last decade,
but no one was supporting her cause. She had been a student of law faculty
Delhi before marriage, and had been working with an N.G.O for last five years.
If a sound personality like Parneeta had not been getting justice for more than ten years, then how can an average or below
average girl ever hope for anything favourable
from our judiciary? Many such
questions had been raised by our society since it was formed. Since no one had
been raising such issues for a long time, the govt. was not aware of many such
useless laws those had been forcing the people to use illegal means to get their boats sailing. Some courageous people
had been challenging such laws for years but they too had their own limits.
A. Answer the
following in one line only:
a.
How
long had Parneeta been fighting for her rights?
b.
What
was her qualification?
c.
Who
had she been working for and how long?
d.
Why
had people been using illegal means for years to keep their boats sailing?
e.
Had
anyone been challenging such laws for years?
a.
Seena
had been visiting this temple for last summer _____________
b.
I had
been distributing laddoos since many years _____________
c.
So we
had been see each other every Tuesday _____________
d.
since
our first meeting in the Suryaansh
institute _____________
e.
before
that she had not been worship any deity _____________
f.
since
her tragic failure.
a.
This/
been/ Sumit/ January /nice/ looking/ had/ for/ a/ job /since.
b.
Three/
months /him /We/ last/ sending /had/ been/ payment/ reminders/ for.
c.
Been/
four/ years/ with/your /he/ Had/ working/ company/ for?
d.
Namita/
for/ our/ had /two/ weeks/ ice-cream parlour/ not/ Why/ been/ visiting/ last?
e.
Been/
living/ he /days/ three/ for/ Where/ had /last?
Match
the following words with their meanings-
a.
Decade
A fair
judgment and punishment
b.
Favourable
Not approved by
the law
c.
Illigal
Sympathetic
d.
Justice
A
period of ten years
Writing Skills!
●
Make sentences
with following words-N.G.O, Hope, Average, Challenge, Courage
●
Expand
the following passage :
Last week our school celebrated clean and green day. All the
students had been preparing for this day for many weeks. Teachers had been
assisting their students for many days. ___ ____ ____ .
When lord Krishna
came to Madhura after taking leave from mother Yashoda and all the gops,
gopis,, cows, trees and his beloved Radha, he decided to wear royal clothes to
meet his mother Devaki and father Vasudev who had been living under the
captivity of Kansa since they got married to each other. They saw the royal
washerman at the bank of river Yamuna washing the royal clothes. Lord Krishna
asked him to provide some royal pairs of clothes, which he denied, lord Krishna’s elder brother Balram recognised the washer man. The washer man was none other than the
one due to whom lord Rama had to part with his beloved wife Sita in Treta Yug.
To take the revenge, Balram there and then killed the washerman with his heavy
Musal (massive grinding rod). Afterwards, both the brothers decorated
themselves with royal clothes to visit the royal palace of Madhura. To see
their saviour princes, all the
natives of Madhura came out of their houses. When Kansa learned about their
arrival, he made all the arrangements to kill them. The dangerous wrestlers,
the drunken elephant, the valiant
warriors all were waiting eagerly
to kill Balram and Lord Krishna. When both the brothers entered the royal
palace, the giant elephant attacked
on them but Balram ji killed it with just one mighty blow on its forehead. On
the second entrance, the terrible wrestlers were waiting for them; both the
brothers killed them in no time. Kansa’s loyal soldiers also got killed. After
killing all the demons and evil
soldiers of Kansa, Lord Krishna dragged down Kansa from his throne and killed him with his mighty blows. Every one rejoiced the
killing of tyrant Kansa. Their
father Vasudev and mother Devaki who had already suffered a lot, forgot all the
sufferings of imprisonment and the painful killing of all their newborn sons
who had been killed by the hands of wicked
Kansa. They were now smiling with tearful eyes; tears were rolling down on
their cheeks. They embraced their divine and mighty sons who not only freed
them from the captivity but also provided deliverance
to the people of Madhura from the tyranny of Kansa.
A. Answer the following questions:
1.
Lord
Krishna’s love was not limited to human beings only. Gokul as a whole body was
so dear to Lord Krishna and Balram. Discuss?
2.
What
did lord Krishna and Balramji decide to do first, after reaching Madhura? Why
did they decide so?
3.
How
did Balram react to the washer man’s disobedience? Was his reaction just?
4.
What
arrangements had Kansa made to kill Krishna and Balram?
5.
What
happened when both the brothers entered the royal palace?
6.
What
happened at the second enterance?
7.
How
did Krishna finally kill Kansa?
8.
‘God
sees but waits’ explain this proverb illustrating Devaki and Vasudev’s episode?
9.
Suggest
a suitable title for this story?
a.
Last
Sunday I call up all my _________
b.
Acquaintances,
I want to start our ___________
c.
New
society, some already had give the approval__________
d.
Before
hand and some was attending the seminar __________
e.
To
know the details. Some did not even reply ________
f.
In
affirmative or negative. They behave in a very coward manner______.
Word
Power!
● Write
down the antonyms of the following- Recognized, Denied, Saviour, Valiant,
Warrior, Eagerly
● Write
down the synonyms of the following- Giant, Tyrant, Throne, Mighty, Wicked,
Deliverance,
Write the story of ‘The Rabbit and
the Tortoise’ in your own words.
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